magnesium diboride (\(MgB_2\)), a superconductor with a critical temperature of 39 K that shows strong potential in energy, transportation, and medical applications.二硼化镁是临界转变温度 39 K 的超导体在能源、交通、医疗领域具备巨大应用潜力。Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a well‑established technique that combines uniaxial pressure and pulsed current to achieve rapid densification with good microstructural control [1].放电等离子烧结SPS是一项成熟可靠的工艺它将单轴压力与脉冲电流相结合可实现快速致密同时能够对微观组织实现良好调控 [1]。well‑established工艺成熟设备商业化普及uniaxial pressure 单轴压力SPS 石墨模具上下施加轴向压力microstructural control晶粒尺寸、孔隙、相组分可控。Since its superconductivity was first reported in 2001 [14], \(MgB_2\) has been recognized as a promising superconductor due to its critical temperature (\(T_c\)) of 39 K, bridging the gap between conventional low‑temperature superconductors and high‑temperature cuprates.自 2001 年二硼化镁的超导特性首次被报道以来 [14]因其 39 K 的临界转变温度\(T_c\)被公认为极具应用前景的超导体它填补了传统低温超导体和铜基高温超导体之间的性能空白。Its simple crystal structure, low material cost, and favorable superconducting properties (particularly in liquid hydrogen temperature ranges) make it suitable for applications in energy, transportation, and medical technologies [15‑18].中文二硼化镁晶体结构简单、原材料成本低廉并且拥有优异的超导性能尤其在液氢温区适合应用于能源、交通、医疗技术领域 [15‑18]。However, the widespread use of \(MgB_2\) has been limited by challenges such as poor densification, weak grain connectivity, and insufficient flux pinning in bulk forms fabricated via conventional sintering methods.然而采用传统烧结方法制备的\(MgB_2\)块材存在致密度差、晶粒间连通性弱、磁通钉扎能力不足等问题限制了它的大规模实际应用。很快实验就测到了超越铌三锡 (\(Nb_3Sn\)) 的上临界场\(H_{c2}(T)\)曲线原文Since its superconductivity was first reported in 2001 [14], MgB₂ has been recognized as a promising superconductor due to its critical temperature (\(T_c\)) of 39 K, bridging the gap between conventional low-temperature superconductors and high-temperature cuprates. 译文自 2001 年二硼化镁MgB₂的超导性首次被报道以来 [14]因其 39K 的临界温度被公认为极具前景的超导体它填补了传统低温超导体与铜基高温超导体之间的温区空白。原文Its simple crystal structure, low material cost, and favorable superconducting properties (particularly in liquid hydrogen temperature ranges) make it suitable for applications in energy, transportation, and medical technologies [15–18]. 译文MgB₂晶体结构简单、原材料成本低廉超导性能优异尤其在液氢温区适合用于能源、交通与医疗领域 [15–18]。原文However, the widespread use of MgB₂ has been limited by challenges such as poor densification, weak grain connectivity, and insufficient flux pinning in bulk forms fabricated via conventional sintering methods. 译文然而采用传统烧结方法制备的 MgB₂块材存在致密度差、晶间连接弱、磁通钉扎能力不足等难题限制了它大规模推广应用。原文To address these challenges, advanced sintering techniques such as hot pressing and SPS have been employed to produce high-density MgB₂ with improved grain connectivity and critical current density (\(J_c\)) [19–22].译文为解决上述难题热压、SPS 等先进烧结工艺被用来制备高密度 MgB₂以此改善晶间连接并提升临界电流密度\(J_c\)原文MgB₂ thin films exhibit large flux jumps, so-called flux avalanches, at temperatures below about 10 K. 译文二硼化镁MgB₂薄膜在约 10 K 以下会出现大幅磁通跳变也就是常说的磁通雪崩。Magnesium diboride (MgB₂) is a lightweight (2.6 g/cm³) practical superconductor with a convenient critical temperature of 39 K.中文二硼化镁MgB₂是一种轻质密度 2.6 g/cm³、具备实用价值的超导体其临界温度为 39 K。英文These characteristics promote this material as a strong candidate for portable superconducting applications working in liquid hydrogen (20.28 K).中文上述特性使其非常适合用于在液氢温区20.28 K工作的便携式超导器件。英文This observation indicates on compatibility of MgB₂ with clean future hydrogen economy, which is vital for addressing environmental challenges and advancing high-performance superconducting technologies [1,2].中文这说明 MgB₂与未来清洁氢能体系具备良好适配性对于应对环境问题、发展高性能超导技术意义重大 [1,2]。英文Furthermore, MgB₂ is a multifunctional material being of great interest for emergent applications, such as propellants, batteries, hydrogen storage, and catalysis, as a source material to obtain 2D borophene-like materials (e.g., BH borophane), biomedical field taking advantage of its promising antimicrobial, antitumor, biodegradable, and biocompatible features, heritage and ecology being the latest trends [3 and therein refs.].中文此外MgB₂是一种多功能材料在诸多新兴领域受到广泛关注可用作推进剂、电池、储氢、催化领域原料也可作为制备二维类硼烯材料如 BH 硼烷的前驱体依托其优异的抗菌、抗肿瘤、可降解与生物相容性还可应用于生物医学领域文物保护与生态方向也是当前新的研究热点 [3] 及其中参考文献。英文This type of material is at the core of a clean and sustainable economy promoting new developments, boosting the older ones (e.g., superconductivity) and minimizing the costs for the transition to new and modern materials and technologies.中文这类材料是清洁可持续经济体系的核心既能催生新方向也能赋能传统领域例如超导降低新材料、新技术的产业转型成本。英文Bulk magnets are of interest for power, energy, transportation, imaging, and other devices [4] where higher magnetic fields above 1 T, not achieved with conventional magnets, are needed.中文块磁体在电力、能源、交通、成像等设备中极具研究价值 [4]这类设备需要常规永磁体无法实现的 1 T 以上强磁场。语法where修饰 devicesnot achieved with conventional magnets插入定语修饰 higher magnetic fields。英文Trapped magnetic field \(B_\mathrm{tr}\) is the key parameter for characterization of superconducting bulk magnets.中文捕获场\(B_\mathrm{tr}\)是表征超导块磁体性能的核心参数。英文Theoretical calculations indicate a maximum \(B_\mathrm{tr}\) of 7 T at 5 K [5].中文理论计算表明材料在 5 K 下最高捕获场可达 7 T [5]。英文Furthermore, the geometry of a MgB₂ bulk part is important for controlling the undesirable flux jumps which decrease the thermomagnetic stability of the magnet during magnetic field loading or exploitation [16].中文此外MgB₂块材构件的几何外形对于抑制磁通跳跃这一负面现象至关重要磁通跳跃会在加磁或器件运行过程中降低磁体的热磁稳定性 [16]。英文Fabrication of parts with complex shapes is not trivial since it is well known that MgB₂ is a brittle and hard material.中文但制备复杂形状构件并不容易因为 MgB₂本身硬而脆。